Tourism in the context of marine biological aspects : sustainability and the development of whale shark tourism over the past decade in La Paz, Mexico

This thesis evaluates the evolution and effectiveness of whale shark tourism management in La Paz, Mexico, over the past decade. Whale shark tourism can yield substantial economic benefits for local communities, yet it poses risks to the species’ well-being if not regulated appropriately. By drawing insights from Ningaloo Reef, Australia, widely acknowledged as a “gold standard” for sustainable whale shark tourism, this study examines La Paz’s regulatory framework. Data from three main areas was used. Management plans from 2018 to 2024 were closely examined to track policy shifts. Concurrently, scar and injury data emphasizing fresh wounds were utilized to assess direct anthropogenic impacts. Sex ratios and total sightings were also investigated to reveal population trends. Results reveal that La Paz’s regulations have progressively tightened over time, including stricter permit caps, digital scheduling systems, and enhanced safety procedures. Scar and injury data show a decline in fresh injuries, indicating that these tighter rules may mitigate some negative human-induced effects. Nonetheless, a notable decrease in total whale shark sightings and a strong male bias in the observed population raises questions about longer-term population dynamics. While La Paz’s whale shark tourism management has become more adaptive and comprehensive, several challenges remain. Broader threats, such as pollution and fishing pressures, are not fully addressed within current frameworks, potentially diminishing conservation gains. Additionally, the decline in sightings signals a need for expanded research to clarify whether population changes stem from shifting habitat preferences or genuine population reductions. Strengthening community engagement, investing in new technologies, and regularly refining policies based on scientific evidence could further support whale shark conservation in the region. Lessons drawn from Ningaloo Reef highlight the importance of consistent enforcement, equitable decision-making, and sustained research efforts, which could guide La Paz toward achieving a more balanced, enduring approach to sustainable whale shark tourism.