Electrocatalytic refining of small molecules in water

The small-molecule electrocatalytic refining technology is a sustainable and eco-friendly strategy for converting renewable feedstocks and energy into transportable fuels and high-value chemicals in water (H2O). The key to implementing this technology hinges on designing appropriate reactions and highly efficient electrocatalysts that can selectively break and form specific chemical bonds with precision for targeted refining processes. H2O serves as an ideal medium for clean, green, and sustainable hydrogen and oxygen sources in refining reactions. Selective hydrogenation and oxidation reactions in water provide a mild and effective approach for producing high-value chemicals through precise refining. This review introduces the fundamental theories of multiphase electrocatalysis and selective hydrogenation/oxidation reactions. We then discuss relevant reaction types, including coupling, paired, and cascade reactions. Additionally, we summarize the design principles and strategies for electrocatalysts to effectively control reaction intermediates and pathways for precise refining. Finally, we explore the challenges and future opportunities in this field.