Comparison of pain and scapulohumeral rhythm in female students with and without upper crossed syndrome

Background and aims: Upper Crossed Syndrome (UCS) is a postural imbalance that leads to abnormal patterns in joints and soft tissues. This study aimed to compare neck and shoulder pain, as well as scapulohumeral rhythm, in female students with and without UCS. Methods: In this causal-comparative study, 60 female students aged 10-12 years from Khalkhal city, during the academic year 2022-2023, were selected as the research sample and screened using a posture assessment grid. Based on quantitative physical assessments, participants were divided into two groups: healthy (n=30) and UCS (n=30). Forward head and shoulder angles were evaluated using photographic analysis, kyphosis angle was measured with the Goniometer-pro app, pain index by Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and scapulohumeral rhythm was assessed using the Lateral Scapular Slide Test (LSST). Results: The findings revealed significant differences in neck pain, shoulder pain, and scapulohumeral rhythm between students with UCS and healthy subjects (p < 0.05). Conclusion: UCS is associated with increased neck and shoulder pain and disrupted scapulohumeral rhythm. Therefore, implementing corrective interventions and preventive programs is recommended for students at risk of postural abnormalities and impaired musculoskeletal function.