Enhancing the Frequency Regulation in Multi-Area Deregulated Power System Integrated with Ev Using Modified LADRC Controller

In order to improve Power System Frequency Regulation (FR), this article suggests a multi-area deregulated power structure based on electric vehicles (EVs). In each control region, the power system under study integrates three distinct energy sources (biogas, nuclear and thermal) with a number of verified real-time nonlinearities, such as boiler dynamics, Governor Dead Band (GDB) and Generation Rate Constraint (GRC). A novel cascade combination of Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Controller (LADRC) with (<tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$1+$</tex> Tilt Derivative) controller is proposed and successfully implemented for frequency regulation. A few existing controllers have been compared with a newly developed modified LADRC-(1+TDN) cascade controller. A new modified Chaotic Quasi-Opposition based crayfish optimization algorithm (CQO-COA) technique has been employed to maximize the gain of the proposed controller. The superiority of the CQO-COA is shown by comparing it with many popular meta-heuristic optimizations. ITSE is taken as a performance index. This analysis has been used to confirm the suggested controller's resilience and adaptability under poolco-based transactions. The throughout analysis offers convincing evidence of the effectiveness and efficacy of the proposed controller and optimization.