Photovoltaic Waste Management for Sustainability in Malaysia: A Review

The global transition to renewable energy has driven a significant increase in the adoption of photovoltaic (PV) systems, but managing the end-of-life (EoL) phase of PV panels remains a critical challenge. This study reviews PV waste management practices both globally and within Malaysia, where PV waste is projected to reach 600,000 tonnes by 2055, including substantial quantities of glass, silicon, aluminum, and copper. The findings underscore the urgent need for a comprehensive PV waste management framework in Malaysia, informed by best practices such as the European WEEE Directive. This work highlights the potential for resource recovery, demonstrating that over 100,000 tonnes of materials, including glass, can be reclaimed from large-scale solar PV systems operational by 2043. The novelty of this research lies in its integration of Malaysia-specific data with global insights, presenting actionable recommendations to develop circular economy models tailored to the local context. Key proposals include the introduction of extended producer responsibility (EPR) policies, investment in advanced recycling technologies, and strengthening stakeholder collaboration. This study provides a foundational framework for policymakers and researchers to address PV waste challenges effectively, ensuring environmental sustainability while supporting Malaysia's renewable energy ambitions.