Causes of chronic kidney disease and preventive measure: Rapid evidence reviews

Background: Kidney disease is a silent killer. The prevalence throughout the last 15 years shown a sharp rise. The prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Addis Ababa Public hospital was found to be 38.6%. Thus, this review aimed to summarizes the best available evidence on the major factors of CKD. Methods: A rapid evidence synthesis searched the relevant studies from databases including PubMed, Cochrane, PDQ-Evidence, Health Systems Evidence, and Google scholars. The search engine was built based on the JBI framework for undertaking a mixed-method systematic review (PICO and PICo). Filter applied based on high level of evidence (systematic review, and meta-analysis). The last search was made on September 14, 2024, with no date restriction. Only papers that were published in English language were included in the review. From these databases 287 papers were identified according to the search criteria set. After screening for the titles and abstracts of 46 papers satisfy the inclusion criteria were included in the final review. Findings: Chronic kidney disease is multi-factorial origin and no certain causes indicated. But the risk factors were contaminated drinking water, a high dietary acid load, contamination of cereals with ochratoxin A and mycotoxins, and temperature, hydration, humidity, attitude, air pollutants, and radiation therapy. In addition, community residing beside petrochemical plants, long-term heavy metal exposure, excessive use of pesticides, low-quality fertilizers, family history, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, periodontitis, and use of hydroxyethyl starch products. Moreover, lifestyle (smoking, alcohol and obesity), and socio-demographic (men, middle & advanced age, white race, and high-income) were predisposing factors. The protective factors including reducing salt and low protein intake, increasing fruits and vegetables, anti-oxidants, vitamin D, mega-3 polyunsaturated fats, low-fat dairy and water. Similarly, following DASH dietary guideline, physical exercise professional and technology support, and adherence to medication were controlling factors. Conclusion: Although there were no direct certain causes, risk factors for CKD were determinant in the water, food, and environment, agricultural activities, illness, drug, genetics, lifestyle, and socio-demographic factors. Protective factors include balanced diet, and clean water. As well, controlling factors includes, physical exercise, professional and technology support, and adherence to proper treatment.