TEXTUAL EVOLUTION OF DUGDHIKA IN AYURVEDIC LITERATURE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW FROM SAMHITAS TO NIGHANTUS

The plant Dugdhika (Euphorbia hirta Linn.), also known by synonyms such as Kshirini, Rajashavak, and Dudhi, has been referenced throughout Ayurvedic literature for its therapeutic properties. This study aims to review systematically the presence, synonyms, and medicinal applications of Dugdhika in Vedic texts, Samhitas, and Nighantus. Data were compiled from primary Ayurvedic sources including Charaka, Sushruta, Ashtanga Hridaya, Bhavaprakasha, Kashyapa Samhita, and subsequent Nighantu literature from the 7th century A.D. to modern works. Results reveal that while Dugdhika is absent in the Vedas, its first detailed mention occurs in the Charaka Samhita, where it is recommended in various formulations for disorders such as Rajayakshma, Arsha, Atisara, and Palitya. Later Samhitas including Sushruta, Ashtanga Hridaya, and Ashtanga Sangraha also provide references, though with varying therapeutic focus. In the Nighantus, Dugdhika is absent in the earliest lexicons but gains prominence from the 9th century A.D. onward, appearing with numerous synonyms and categorized across diverse Vargas. The review highlights its evolving recognition in Ayurveda, reflecting its enduring therapeutic relevance.