LABORATORY PROFILE OF PATIENTS WITH ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE AND MULTIPLE COMORBIDITIES

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for an estimated 17.9 million deaths annually, of which ischemic heart disease (IHD) constitutes the largest share [1]. Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (2019) indicate that IHD consistently ranks first in terms of years of life lost (YLL) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) globally [2]. The prevalence of IHD is particularly high among patients with comorbid conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Epidemiological studies show that T2DM increases the risk of developing IHD by 2–4 times, while CKD independently elevates the risk of cardiovascular mortality by up to 50% [3,4]