3D Printing of Multilayered Hydrogel containing Hyaluronic acid and Linalool

This study presents the 3D printing and the development of multilayered hydrogel formulations containing hyaluronic acid (HA) and linalool (LN) for potential use as a personalised moisturising and anti-acne product. Various shapes were printed via 3D printing for personalised application; however, material characterisation was conducted primarily on the first layer. The average film weight was 2.11 ± 0.20 g, with optimal storage conditions identified as placement on a covered plate at 25 °C. Films containing 10% LN demonstrated a higher linalool release profile (maximum 22.66% of the nominal dose) compared to the 5% LN films, correlating with stronger antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. FT-IR analysis revealed the absence of C=C and C–H peaks in blank and 5% LN films due to water interference, while 10% LN films displayed characteristic LN peaks. Texture analysis showed that the 5% LN film exhibited greater tensile resistance, with the highest force recorded at 27.500 g. LN played an important role in the transformation of hydrogel ink to a liquid-like state under high strain. In conclusion, these findings highlight the potential of 3D-printed HA–LN hydrogels for customisable skincare applications with dual functionality in moisturising and antimicrobial effects.