Assessment of Blood Lead Levels and Potential Toxic Effects among Car Spray Painters in Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Occupational lead exposure is a critical public health concern, particularly among workers in industries involving lead-based materials. This cross-sectional study evaluated blood lead levels (BLLs) and associated toxicological effects among 18 car spray painters compared to 18 controls in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Blood lead concentrations measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry revealed significantly elevated BLLs in spray painters (23.2 ± 3.4 µg/dL) relative to controls (4.1 ± 0.6µg/dL, p < 0.0001). Haematological assessment indicated significantly lower packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin (Hb) levels in exposed workers (p < 0.05), reflecting impaired haematopoiesis. Liver function tests demonstrated increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin, and conjugated bilirubin with prolonged exposure (p < 0.01), consistent with hepatocellular injury. Kidney function biomarkers, including creatinine and uric acid, were significantly elevated among painters (p < 0.01), while electrolytes such as sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, and calcium showed significant declines correlating with years of exposure (p < 0.05). These findings reveal dose-dependent toxic effects of occupational lead exposure impacting hematologic, hepatic, and renal systems. The study underscores the urgent need for preventive interventions, routine health monitoring, and enforcement of occupational safety regulations to mitigate lead toxicity risks in car spray painters in Bayelsa State, Niger.