Bio-imaging with quantum twinned photons

Optical microscopy constitutes an essential cornerstone in the life sciences, facilitating detailed investigations into the structural and dynamic complexities of biological systems. Nonetheless, classical optical microscopy encounters significant challenges in probing the intricate complexities of cellular and molecular systems, particularly due to the diffraction limit of light and limitations posed by detection noise. Although significant advances in optical microscopy have realized super-resolution, high signal-to-noise ratios, and high-speed imaging, these methods frequently require high-intensity illumination, potentially inducing photodamage and photobleaching in biological samples. Quantum-twinned photons, characterized by their unique properties of quantum entanglement, quantum correlation, and quantum interference at the single photon level, present transformative solutions to these limitations. Several imaging modalities have been developed that utilize quantum-twinned photons, encompassing quantum correlation imaging, quantum entanglement imaging, and quantum interference imaging. These techniques exhibit quantum-enhanced imaging capabilities that markedly outperform classical methods, with diverse applications in cellular, tissue, and organism imaging. Centered on this theme, here we present a comprehensive review of quantum biological imaging leveraging the three pivotal quantum properties of quantum-twinned photons. The review encompasses the physical principles underlying these methods, recent experimental advancements, and an exploration of future prospects and challenges in the practical implementation of quantum bio-imaging.