Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents: A comprehensive review

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global threat to public health. The increasing prevalence of bacteria resistant to antimicrobial agents necessitates a thorough understanding of the underlying mechanisms, contributing factors, and potential mitigation strategies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of bacterial resistance mechanisms, focusing on the biochemical and genetic basis of resistance to various classes of antimicrobials. It explores the factors driving the emergence and spread of AMR, including antibiotic overuse, horizontal gene transfer, and selective pressures. Finally, the review delves into strategies for combating AMR, encompassing antimicrobial stewardship, development of novel antimicrobials, and alternative therapeutic approaches.