Fuelling the flames - the socio-economic and political forces driving wildfires

While numerous factors contribute to wildfires, stakeholders’ interests and incentives surrounding fire use remain underexplored in the literature. This research aims to address this gap by examining the human-driven factors influencing wildfire management - not only those related to economic activities but also a broader range of human influences, from social to political. Focusing on fire-prone areas in Mediterranean Europe and the U.S., the thesis examines the complex interplay of socio-economic and political factors that may exacerbate the crisis in fire-prone regions. A multidisciplinary approach is employed, integrating qualitative and quantitative methods to explore the roles and influences of various stakeholders in fire practices and management, with particular attention to policymakers’ incentives. The selection of methods applied in the different chapters was driven by two key factors: introducing novel approaches to fire science by incorporating econometric and social science methodologies and leveraging the proven effectiveness of these methods in disciplines such as political economics. The findings highlight human-related factors across different jurisdictional levels and stakeholder groups, encompassing various market and political dimensions. When analysed together, these factors reveal a complex interplay of interests that sustain the wildfire status quo or contribute to its exacerbation. Considering this matrix of interests, this thesis underscores the critical need for comprehensive fire management strategies that integrate ecological, political, and socio-economic considerations to mitigate wildfire risks effectively. This research also highlights the importance of decentralised governance, stakeholder and expert engagement, active citizenship, and the incorporation of local and Indigenous knowledge in fire management strategies. It advocates for policies prioritising collaboration, transparency, and promoting sustainable fire practices, moving away from one-size-fits-all approaches and addressing the unique dynamics of fire-prone ecosystems.