COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BANKING SUPERVISION, BASEL STANDARDS, AND FINANCIAL STABILITY: EVIDENCE FROM EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND UZBEKISTAN

This paper investigates the interaction between international banking standards, national supervisory frameworks, and financial stability. It compares supervisory approaches in Europe—Italy’s PATROL, France’s ORAP, Germany’s BAKIS, the Netherlands’ Kuzatuv, the United Kingdom’s risk-based supervision, and Switzerland’s “Swiss Finish”—with the Basel I–III framework. Using 2019–2024 indicators such as return on assets (ROA), assets-to-GDP, loans-to-GDP, deposits-to-GDP, and leverage ratios, the study highlights differences across the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Italy. Case studies of Barclays and Commerzbank illustrate practical supervisory challenges. The analysis is extended to Uzbekistan, where bank ratings remain moderate. Deposits and profitability enhance ratings, while reliance on securities portfolios weakens them. The study concludes that Uzbekistan should gradually align with Basel III, while selectively adapting European supervisory practices to strengthen resilience.