MOLECULAR GENETIC MARKERS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

Arterial hypertension (AH) has a pronounced genetic determination. A brief historical review of molecular genetic markers of AH is presented: from candidate genes (ACE, AGT, AGTR1, NOS3, etc.) to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that have identified dozens of replicated small-effect loci (ATP2B1, CACNB2, CYP17A1, NPR3, UMOD, etc.), and to multi-omic approaches (epigenetics, microRNA). Polygenic risk scores are shown to improve prognosis accuracy beyond traditional factors, while pharmacogenetic signals outline personalized therapy choices. Limitations (ethnic tolerance, phenotyping) and prospects for integrating genetics with digital phenotyping to create clinically applicable, ethically verified tools for personalized cardiology are noted.