BIOCERAMICS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING: MATERIALS, METHODS, AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Bio-ceramics represent a vital class of inorganic, non-metallic materials designed specifically for biomedical use, especially in orthopaedic and dental fields. Their superior biocompatibility, chemical inertness, and mechanical strength make them highly suitable for load-bearing implants and restorative treatments. These materials are broadly classified into crystalline, glassy (amorphous), and glass-ceramics, each displaying a unique microstructure and functional behaviour. Bioactive ceramics such as hydroxyapatite and bioactive glasses chemically bond with bone, fostering osteointegration. Inert ceramics like alumina and zirconia are used extensively in prostheses and restorations due to their high wear resistance and mechanical integrity. Processing methods, including compounding, forming, drying, and sintering, significantly influence their final properties. Surface modifications, such as hydroxyapatite coatings applied via plasma spraying, enhance compatibility and longevity. Despite their many advantages, challenges remain—primarily brittleness and low fracture toughness. Current research seeks to address these limitations by improving microstructural design and mechanical performance. Bio-ceramics continue to be at the forefront of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering advancements.