Gender representation in illustrations of Portuguese children’s literature in Macao: a study based on visual design grammar perspective

Purpose This study aims to seek to explore gender representation in the illustrations of Portuguese children’s literature in Macao from the perspective of visual design grammar. Design/methodology/approach By analyzing 11 literary works across three dimensions, namely, representational, interactive and compositional meanings, the study examines the depiction of male and female characters in illustrations. Findings The analysis reveals that male characters are more frequently depicted than female characters, with more diverse roles and central positions. Male characters also appear closer to viewers and in more equal relationships in terms of perspective. However, no significant gender differences were found in color usage. Practical implications This study provides insights into gender representation in children’s literature, highlighting the need to challenge gender stereotypes and foster more inclusive gender concepts. It suggests that educators, illustrators and publishers should work towards promoting gender equality in children’s literature. Originality/value This study provides a unique perspective on gender representation in Portuguese children’s literature in Macao, a region where research on this topic remains limited.