The Rising Prevalence of Autism in the 21st Century: Challenges, Identification, and Treatment. A Narrative Review

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) represents a multifaceted neurodevelopmental condition characterized by social communication challenges and restricted, repetitive behaviors. As prevalence continues to rise globally, understanding its complex etiology and improving diagnostic and therapeutic strategies remain urgent public health priorities. Objective: This narrative review synthesizes recent advances in the understanding of autism’s genetic, environmental, and psychosocial determinants, while highlighting evolving approaches in diagnosis and treatment. It also addresses persistent challenges and emerging opportunities for personalized, community-anchored care. Key Insights: Etiological research has expanded through genome-wide association studies, identification of copy number variants, and exploration of gene–environment interactions. Environmental exposures such as prenatal infections, advanced parental age, and nutritional deficits are increasingly implicated. Psychosocial and perinatal factors further influence risk and developmental trajectories. Diagnostic frameworks continue to evolve, with the integration of biomarkers, artificial intelligence, and digital tools supplementing DSM-5/ICD-11 criteria, though accessibility and heterogeneity remain obstacles. Treatment approaches have diversified, ranging from behavioral and cognitive therapies to pharmacologic management and adjunctive interventions such as exercise, technology-based platforms, and animal-assisted therapy. Conclusion: Progress in autism research has been substantial, yet inequities and translational gaps persist. Early detection, interdisciplinary collaboration, and culturally contextualized interventions are essential for optimizing outcomes. Future efforts should prioritize longitudinal, inclusive research and the ethical deployment of innovative tools to support autistic individuals and their families across the lifespan.