Estimation of population density and detection of hot spot settlements in Bandar Lampung city, Indonesia

This study aimed to determine the factors capable of influencing population density to provide broad insights and valuable information for policy considerations needed to ensure a well-ordered and prosperous living environment. The focus is on Bandar Lampung, which is a city consisting of 20 districts. The results revealed that Bandar Lampung city had a high cluster residential settlement pattern, with the hotspot centered on Way Halim, parts of Sukarame, Labuhan Ratu, Kedaton, and Enggal districts. Moreover, the settlements were developing toward the southwest and slightly to the north, with the increase identified to be accompanied by a 2.04% conversion of non-built-up areas to built-up land. This was due to the increase in the population density of the city by 16.78% over the past 10 years based on different factors, including the population growth rate as well as the number of schools, healthcare facilities, live births, and industries.