Horses of the Indus-Saraswati Civilization | The Equine Silence and the Rigveda Horses, the Indus-Sarasvati Civilization, and the Aryan Debate Archaeological Findings • Textual and Philological Analysis • Iconographic and Artistic Evidence • Cultural

This study investigates the presence, symbolism, and historiographical significance of horses in the Indus–Sarasvati Civilization and the Rigvedic corpus, situating the debate within the broader discourse on Indo-European origins. Drawing on archaeological findings, textual and philological evidence, iconographic representations, and comparative Indo-Iranian and Central Asian contexts, the research critically reassesses the so-called “equine silence” in South Asian prehistory. The analysis demonstrates that equine representations and cultural memory were integral to the civilization and its Vedic successors, thereby challenging the assumptions of the Aryan Migration Theory. By integrating material culture, literary traditions, and cultural symbolism, this work advances an interdisciplinary framework that underscores the indigenous continuity of horses in South Asia and provides a comprehensive refutation of the migrationist paradigm.