Effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on the efficiency of anti-inflammatory therapy

Exogenous H 2 S has proven to be a potential therapeutic agent with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cytoprotective properties. One of the most important mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory effect of H 2 S is its ability to inhibit the nuclear factor NF-κB, a key regulator of the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. H 2 S also affects the MAPK signaling pathway, which plays a significant role in the regulation of inflammatory processes. The antioxidant effect of H 2 S is manifested through the neutralization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the reduction of oxidative stress. This occurs through the activation of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), as well as the increase of glutathione levels, which protects cells from oxidative damage. In addition, H 2 S exhibits cytoprotective properties by preserving mitochondrial function, reducing apoptosis, and supporting cellular energy balance. H 2 S donors can also improve microcirculation and reduce vascular spasm, which is important for maintaining tissue perfusion and reducing inflammation. Exogenous H 2 S also exhibits an analgesic effect due to modulation of the activity of ion channels and neurotransmitter systems involved in pain transmission. Exogenous hydrogen sulfide can enhance the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory therapy by reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. However, the dose and method of H 2 S administration play an important role: low doses may have protective effects, while high doses can be toxic. The combination of H 2 S donors with anti-inflammatory drugs may have a synergistic effect, which opens up new possibilities for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. The safety of the use of H 2 S donors requires further clinical studies, given the potential risks associated with the dose and duration of therapy. A balanced approach that takes into account individual characteristics of patients and precise dosing will allow the safe and effective integration of H 2 S into modern anti-inflammatory strategies.