Modeling cryptographic authentication approaches for automated trusted access management in cyberphysical systems

This study models and evaluates cryptographic authentication approaches to enhance secure automated access in Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), such as smart grids and autonomous vehicles. Three models—PKI-based, Zero Knowledge Proof (ZKP)-based, and ECC with Challenge-Response—are compared through simulations using MATLAB and NS3. Evaluation metrics include latency, computational overhead, scalability, and resistance to cyber-attacks. The ECC model demonstrated the best overall performance in real-time, resource-constrained environments. The ZKP model offered superior privacy and attack resilience, ideal for sensitive applications. The PKI model, while strong in identity assurance, exhibited high latency and is best suited for structured networks. The study emphasizes the contextual suitability of each model and suggests hybrid approaches and future directions, such as quantum-safe cryptography and biometric integration. This research provides a framework for selecting authentication mechanisms tailored to CPS-specific operational and security requirements.