A review of artificial intelligence tools and their challenges in education and learning: A perspective on the future of large language models

Background and aim: This study examines the applications and challenges of artificial intelligence, particularly language models like ChatGPT, in various scientific and educational fields. The primary aim of this research is to analyze the positive and negative impacts of this technology on teaching and learning processes and to identify the challenges associated with its use. Materials and methods: This study is based on the data collected from studies conducted between 2021 and 2024. To gather data, the researchers reviewed scientific articles, conferences, and research reports published in reputable databases. The data includes research papers, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses in the field of artificial intelligence and its applications in education and learning. For data analysis, bibliometric methods and the VOSviewer software were utilized. Findings: The results indicate that artificial intelligence, as a powerful tool, has significant capabilities in facilitating learning processes and providing diverse responses. However, this technology also faces serious limitations and challenges. The performance of ChatGPT in question-answer tests and algebra learning is significantly lower than human scores, indicating a need for further improvements in this area. Additionally, in subjects such as physics and medicine, these models encounter challenges in connecting concepts and understanding new knowledge. Other challenges, such as high energy consumption, risks from malicious misuse, bias and discrimination, as well as concerns regarding privacy and data security, are also addressed in this research. This study emphasizes the necessity of developing ethical standards and regulations that will help maintain the credibility and effectiveness of artificial intelligence technologies. Conclusion: Although artificial intelligence offers numerous opportunities in education, realizing its full potential requires investment in research and development, technological improvements, and attention to its ethical and social dimensions.