The role of history lessons in the formation of national identity: the case of general education schools

In the conditions of rapid globalization and the advancement of information technologies, safeguarding and strengthening national identity has become one of the main strategic tasks, especially for small and developing states. In this regard, the education system—particularly history teaching—plays a vital role in shaping national consciousness, preserving historical memory, and transmitting cultural and moral values to future generations. The article explores national identity as a socio-cultural structure formed on the basis of such fundamental elements as common history, language, religion, territory, and national symbols, from both theoretical and practical perspectives. Using the example of the “Victory History” course taught in Azerbaijani secondary schools, it analyzes the importance of history lessons in reinforcing national ideals, nurturing patriotism, and fostering a sense of collective belonging. The study shows that history teaching goes beyond the transfer of knowledge about the past; it also serves as a foundation for the development of democratic, tolerant, and transparent social values, ultimately contributing to the education of responsible citizens who respect human rights and freedoms.