The Relationship between Postpartum Depression in Parents and Infant Growth, Development, and Exclusive Breastfeeding: A Cohort Study in Tehran, Iran

Background: Recent research suggests that mood disorders during pregnancy affect both parents, with maternal depression negatively impacting fetal and infant growth. However, few studies have simultaneously explored the influence of maternal and paternal depression on infant development and breastfeeding. This study aimed to concurrently examine the impact of postpartum depression in parents on the process of infant growth and exclusive breastfeeding. Methods: This cohort study involved 150 couples and their infants at Vali-e-Asr Hospital in Tehran, utilizing convenience sampling. Data were collected via demographic questionnaires, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at three time points: the last trimester of pregnancy, immediately after childbirth, and 4 weeks postpartum. Infant growth indicators (weight, length, head circumference) were assessed at birth, with weight and exclusive breastfeeding evaluated at 4 weeks and 6 months postpartum. Results: Maternal depression showed a significant correlation with infant growth indicators and exclusive breastfeeding (P < 0.0001). Paternal depression was significantly associated with infant head circumference at birth (P < 0.001). Logistic regression analyzed the relationship between maternal and paternal depression. Conclusion: These findings highlight the role of parental postpartum depression in influencing infant growth, development, and breastfeeding. Pre-conception screening and psychological interventions are recommended to prevent these effects.