English for specific purposes (ESP) in the digital era: Bibliometric mapping with critical reflection on the lack of performance-based learning studies

This study aims to map the development of ESP studies in the digital era through a bibliometric approach and to provide critical reflection on the lack of studies that promote performance-based learning. Data were collected from the Scopus database from 2010–2025, with a total of 665 documents identified. After a gradual screening process, 71 articles were obtained and analyzed qualitatively. The analysis of publication trends reveals significant fluctuations, with a peak in 2022 (9 documents) and then a sharp decline until 2025. Visualization with VOSviewer software identifies dominant clusters such as virtual reality, digital literacy, interdisciplinary approaches, and learner engagement. The findings show that ESP research is experiencing dynamic growth, especially in the use of technology and the development of digital materials. However, performance-based learning approaches are still underrepresented in the literature. Evaluations of assessment strategies and curriculum development that emphasize real learning outcomes are still rare. Therefore, this study highlights the need for a new direction in ESP research that integrates authentic assessment, simulation of professional tasks, and reinforcement of communicative competencies according to real-world needs. Critical reflection in this study is expected to be the foundation for further research and practical innovation in the development of an ESP curriculum that is more contextual and relevant to the digital age.