Advanced catalytic pathways for sustainable upgrading of heavy crude oil residues

Heavy crude oil residues pose significant challenges for the petroleum industry due to their high viscosity, metal content, and sulfur compounds. This study explores advanced catalytic pathways aimed at converting these residues into higher-value, environmentally friendly products. Emphasis is placed on nanostructured catalysts, hydrogen-donor solvents, and green chemistry approaches to enhance process efficiency and reduce carbon footprint.