Implicaciones técnico-jurídicas de la genética forense en la investigación criminal contemporánea

Human identification in socially impactful criminal cases has been an important contribution of forensic science to criminal investigation in Mexico, given that various specialized areas are employed, such as dentistry, anthropology, and forensic genetics. The latter alone is a scientific revolution in forensic science, given that it provides accurate information on individualizing biological elements for each person, in addition to having a statistical basis that gives it certainty. This review analyzes the impact of forensic genetics on human identification in Mexico, highlighting its technical and legal requirements in criminal investigation. Using a bibliographic and case review method on the use of forensic genetics, its legal framework, and chain of custody, it was found that forensic genetics allows for highly accurate identification of individuals, but its effectiveness depends on the proper management of personal data, the correct chain of custody, and the interpretation of biological and statistical value. Therefore, it is concluded that forensic genetics is key in human identification; its rigorous application provides scientific certainty and confidence to technical-legal processes, consolidating it as a pillar in criminal investigation.