Dynamic Performance of Grid-Forming Interlinking Converters in an IEEE-33 Hybrid AC/DC Test Network

References [1] O. Azeem et al., “A Comprehensive Review on Integration Challenges, Optimization Techniques and Control Strategies of Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid,” Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 14, 2021, doi: 10.3390/app11146242. [2] R. J. Bessa, F. Lobo, F. Fernandes, and B. Silva, “Data Augmented Rule-based Expert System to Control a Hybrid Storage System,” in 2024 IEEE 22nd Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference (MELECON), 2024, pp. 814–819. doi: 10.1109/MELECON56669.2024.10608743. [3] Md. S. Islam, I. J. Bushra, T. K. Roy, and A. M. T. Oo, “Enhanced Transient Stability in Hybrid DC/AC Microgrids: Robust Composite Control Strategy With Virtual Capacitors Integration Using ANFIS-Optimized Control Gain Parameters,” IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 19, no. 1, p. e70066, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.70066. [4] H. R. Habib and T. Mahmood, “Optimal planning and design of hybrid energy system for UET Taxila,” 2017 International Conference on Electrical Engineering, ICEE 2017, Apr. 2017, doi: 10.1109/ICEE.2017.7893428. [5] H. U. R. Habib, S. Wang, B. S. Farhan, H. W. Salih, A. Waqar, and K. M. Kotb, “Load Power Smoothing and DC Bus Voltage Control of PV-SMES Standalone Microgrid based Variable Speed DG using FLC-MPC Approach,” 2019 3rd International Conference on Energy Conservation and Efficiency, ICECE 2019 - Proceedings, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1109/ECE.2019.8920903. [6] M. Shahbazi, N. A. Smith, M. Marzband, and H. U. R. Habib, “A Reliability-Optimized Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm Utilizing Neural Networks for Long-Term Lifetime Prediction for Photovoltaic Power Converters,” Energies 2023, Vol. 16, Page 6071, vol. 16, no. 16, p. 6071, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.3390/EN16166071. [7] R. M. Imran, B. S. Farhan, Y. J. Yang, H. Ur Rahman Habib, and F. M. F. Flaih, “Comparative Investigation of Lithium-ion Charging Methods Implemented via a Single DC/DC Converter,” 2021 5th International Conference on Green Energy and Applications, ICGEA 2021, pp. 32–37, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1109/ICGEA51694.2021.9487608. [8] X. H. T. Pham, “Adaptive power controller for AC/DC hybrid microgrids,” Journal of Power Electronics, 2025, doi: 10.1007/s43236-025-01077-3. [9] S. Ashrafi, S. A. Mousavi-Rozveh, A. Khorsandi, and S. H. Hosseinian, “Control strategy of frequency and DC voltage for interfacing converter of hybrid AC/DC microgrid based on improved virtual synchronous generator,” IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 19, no. 1, p. e13190, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.13190. [10] L. Li, W. Chen, Y. Han, Q. Li, and Y. Pu, “A Stability Enhancement Method Based on Adaptive Virtual Resistor for Electric-hydrogen Hybrid DC Microgrid Grid-connected Inverter Under Weak Grid,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 191, p. 106882, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106882. [11] H. U. Rahman Habib, S. Wang, and M. T. Aziz, “PV-Wind-Battery Based Standalone Microgrid System with MPPT for Green and Sustainable Future,” 2019 9th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems, ICPES 2019, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1109/ICPES47639.2019.9105395. [12] “Grid-forming functional requirements for HVDC converter stations and DC-connected power park modules in multi-terminal multi-vendor HVDC systems”. [13] H. Xin, C. Liu, X. Chen, Y. Wang, E. Prieto-Araujo, and L. Huang, “How Many Grid-Forming Converters Do We Need? A Perspective From Small Signal Stability and Power Grid Strength,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 623–635, 2025, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2024.3393877. [14] N. Lim, V.-S. Nguyen, S. Bacha, Q.-T. Tran, and Q.-T. T. An, “An overview of grid code possible requirements for an interoperability MVAC/MVDC systems -Focus on fault detection for a future PV power plant,” Mar. 2025, doi: 10.34746/EPE2025-0188. [15] A. ; Bakeer et al., “Enhancing Grid-Forming Converters Control in Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids Using Bidirectional Virtual Inertia Support,” Processes 2024, Vol. 12, Page 139, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 139, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.3390/PR12010139. [16] L. S. Araujo, J. M. S. Callegari, B. J. Cardoso Filho, and D. I. Brandao, “Heterogeneous microgrids: Centralized control strategy with distributed grid-forming converters,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 158, p. 109950, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.1016/J.IJEPES.2024.109950. [17] P. Arévalo, C. Ramos, and A. Rocha, “A Systematic Review of Grid-Forming Control Techniques for Modern Power Systems and Microgrids,” Energies (Basel), vol. 18, no. 14, p. 3888, Jul. 2025, doi: 10.3390/EN18143888/S1. [18] A. Waqar, T. Ahmad, M. Aamir, M. Ali, H. U. R. Habib, and M. Zahid, “Transformer Overloading Control by Controlling the Operational-Modes of High-Power Converters,” Proceedings of 2020 17th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology, IBCAST 2020, pp. 230–235, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1109/IBCAST47879.2020.9044492. [19] E. A. S. Ducoin, Y. Gu, B. Chaudhuri, and T. C. Green, “Analytical Design of Contributions of Grid-Forming and Grid-Following Inverters to Frequency Stability,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 6345–6358, 2024, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2024.3351530. [20] Q. Xiao et al., “Uninterruptable Hierarchical Distributed Coordinated Control Scheme of Islanded AC/DC Microgrid Clusters Under Grid-Forming Converter Faults,” IEEE Trans Smart Grid, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 2762–2773, 2025, doi: 10.1109/TSG.2025.3563469. [21] M. Tariquzzaman, Y. Cao, and I. Beil, “Grid-Forming Inverter Optimal Allocation Framework for Voltage Stability Improvement of a Rural Weak Grid,” IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2024, doi: 10.1109/PESGM51994.2024.10761103.