A Brief Review of Cancer Treatment and DNA Damage Using Auger Effect or Low-Energy Electrons

Introduction: Despite advances in cancer therapy, many treatments result in significant side effects and inconsistent remission. This review was aimed at exploring the potential of Auger electrons (AEs) as a novel, highly localized approach to cancer treatment. Materials & Methods: Relevant studies were reviewed to examine the mechanism of action of AEs emitted from radioisotopes, their DNA-damaging effects, and their selective activity in cancer cells. The analysis also included recent developments in cancer cell detection based on surface charges, radionuclide delivery systems, and the role of proton tunneling and low-energy electrons in DNA disruption. Results: Auger electrons, characterized by low energy and high linear energy transfer (LET), induce lethal DNA damage with minimal impact on surrounding healthy tissue. They act through direct DNA interaction or indirectly via water ionization. Detection methods based on cell surface charge properties showed promise in improving cancer cell targeting. Additionally, advancements in radionuclide carriers enhanced delivery precision. Insights into proton tunneling supported the biological relevance of low-energy electrons in therapeutic applications. Conclusion: Auger electron therapy offers a promising, targeted strategy for cancer treatment with reduced collateral damage. Continued research is needed to refine delivery systems and better understand electron-cell interactions to maximize therapeutic outcomes.