Impact of micro plastics on fish and human health : A review

Microplastics (MPs) are tiny fragments considered a global issue due to their invasiveness in fish and humans. MPs are smaller than five millimeters and are a common type of environmental pollutant that affects human health and aquatic environments. Studies reported that fish may come into contact with microplastics through tainted water and food, which can damage their health, cause physical damage, eating difficulties, stunted growth, and altered reproductive patterns. Fish is a source of vital protein regularly consumed by humans. MPs can cause oxidative stress, tissue damage, and alterations in immune-related gene expression in fish. After being exposed to MPs, fish suffer from growth retardation, behavioral abnormalities, and neurotoxicity. MPs intake by fish species and, in turn, by humans may cause serious effects on fish and human health. Additionally, these particles cause disturbance in physiological and metabolic processes, including oxidative stress and inflammation. Due to the presence of excess MPs in the environment, exposure may occur via consumption, inhalation, and skin contact. Following ingestion, these small fragments may result in gastrointestinal blockage, decreased appetite, and possible harmful material transfer into the fish tissue, among other physical and chemical harms. This review focused on the different factors contributing to the toxicity of MPs in both fish and humans, and it is valuable for future research.