Archaeological Characteristics of Architectural Remains at Yeoju Pasaseong in the Medieval-Early Modern Transition : Based on Excavation Results

This study examines the archaeological features and historical significance of Yeoju Pasaseong Fortress, which underwent large-scale reconstruction in the mid-Joseon period following the Imjin War (1592-1598). Initiated under the recommendation of Chief State Councillor Ryu Seong-ryong, the fortress was strengthened as part of a broader defense strategy for the capital, Hanyang. Ten seasons of archaeological investigations have identified remains spanning from the Silla to the Joseon periods. Silla-period structures include curved fortress walls, body walls, and retaining foundations that reflect the kingdom’s expansion into the Han River basin. Joseon-period remains comprise the South Gate site, multi-story gun towers (poru), and drainage facilities. The South Gate was remodeled into a composite structure with a ground-level passage and an upper pavilion (numaru), a type frequently found in Joseon fortifications. The addition of a three-story gun tower illustrates adaptations to new firearms, embodying defensive innovations after the Imjin War. Recent excavations further revealed water facilities such as wells, cisterns, and major building sites essential for siege defense. These findings highlight Pasaseong’s role as a southern outpost in the defense of the capital and provide critical insights into the transformation of fortress architecture and functions in the late Joseon dynasty. Pasa Fortress in Yeoju underwent major reconstruction during the Joseon dynasty following the Japanese invasions of 1592 (Imjin War). The large-scale works were carried out under the recommendation of Prime Minister Ryu Seong-ryong to strengthen the defense of the capital, Hanyang. The South Gate site reveals a composite structure in which the lower level served as an entrance passage while the upper level was built as a pavilion (numaru). This type of gate pavilion became a common architectural feature in provincial fortresses during the late Joseon period. In addition, a three-story gun turret (poru) was installed on the upper section of a curved wall originating in the Three Kingdoms period, which is considered to have influenced the construction of gun turrets at Suwon Hwaseong Fortress.