Typology of Critical Thinking and its Representation in Islamic-Iranian Civilization (from the Late 3rd Century to the Early 7th Century AH)

The purpose of this study is to explain the true meaning of critical thinking and its role in the ups and downs of civilizations. In this research, using the descriptive-analytical method, at first two types of positive (i.e. accepting and constructive critical thinking), and negative approaches (i.e. confrontational and destructive critical thinking) were recognized. It was further shown that positive critical thinking, unlike its negative type, is always accompanied by a type of tolerance and creativity and is considered one of the tools for the progress of human societies. The results obtained from this research show that one of the important factors in the flourishing of Islamic civilization (from the third century to the middle of the fifth century AH) was the existence of an atmosphere of freedom of thought combined with positive critical thinking. In this period, the mutual relationship between politics and science resulted in synergy, and scientists and rulers (especially Samanian and Al-Boyeh) played their roles well in the growth of Islamic civilization in a two-way interaction. On the other hand, in the following centuries, due to the creation of an atmosphere with monologue and dogmatic logic, we witness the decline of this brilliant civilization. The mentioned civilizational background and reflection on it can be a light on the way to the realization of modern Islamic-Iranian civilization in the future.