Investigation of the Effectiveness of Pumpkin Seed Oil Cake in Treating Synthetic Wastewater Containing Reactive Red 195 Textile Dye

Dyeing agents are organic compounds used in the textile industry to give color to fabrics. These substances include chromophore groups that produce color and functional groups that allow bonding to fibers. Reactive dyes form covalent bonds with the hydroxyl groups of fibers, resulting in permanent coloring, which is why they are widely preferred in the industry. Reactive Red 195 (RR195), one of the most common dyes, is a water-soluble bifunctional azo dye containing vinylsulphone and monochlorothiazine. It is non-degradable in aerobic environments and turns into carcinogenic aromatic amines in anaerobic conditions. This project aims to remove RR195 dyes from wastewater using adsorption methods, which are inexpensive and effective.