Biofabricated nanotherapeutics for gangrene: A convergence of organic nanocarriers and trace element-based systems

Gangrene, characterized by ischemic tissue necrosis, is a severe condition that can be classified into five categories: dry, wet, gaseous, Fournier, and interna gangrene. Various factors, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, and immunosuppression, predispose individuals to gangrene. Current treatment approaches involve restoring perfusion, managing pain, and facilitating wound healing through medical intervention, surgical procedures, and experimental therapies. This study explored the role of micronutrients and nanosystems in gangrene treatment. Organic nanosystems, including liposomes, lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles, play a significant role in targeted drug delivery and wound healing. Trace elements and their nanoparticles, including Ag, Se, Cu, B, Fe, Mg, Zn, Cr, and Mn, have demonstrated antibacterial, antioxidant, and wound healing properties. The pathophysiology of different types of gangrene and the current status of treatment, including surgical amputation and non-pharmacological approaches, are discussed in this review. The future prospects of nanomedicine in gangrene treatment are highlighted, emphasizing the potential of nanoparticles to enhance wound healing, tissue regeneration, and targeted drug delivery. Despite challenges, such as ensuring safety and biocompatibility and developing scalable production methods, the application of nanomedicine in gangrene treatment holds great promise for improving the lives of individuals affected by this debilitating condition.