Real-Time Environmental Monitoring using ESP-NOW-based Wireless Sensor Network for Sustainable Agriculture

This paper focuses on developing a wireless sensor network (WSN) using the ESP-NOW protocol for real-time agricultural monitoring. Inefficient resource management, unpredictable climate conditions, and the lack of real-time environmental data hinder agricultural productivity. To address these challenges, the proposed system deploys low-power sensor nodes to measure critical parameters such as soil moisture, temperature, and humidity, enabling efficient peer-to-peer communication without relying on traditional network infrastructure. The collected data is securely transmitted via HTTPS to a centralized server, where it is stored and visualized through a web-based interface. This allows farmers to access real-time insights, optimizing irrigation schedules, improving soil health monitoring, and enhancing crop yield while conserving resources. Experimental results demonstrate increased efficiency in data collection, reduced energy consumption, and improved decision-making for precision agriculture. The system is scalable, cost-effective, and adaptable to various agricultural settings, making it suitable for both small farms and large-scale operations. By integrating real-time monitoring with sustainable farming practices, this research supports resource-efficient agriculture and addresses challenges such as water scarcity and climate variability.