Analysis of surgical approaches for hemorrhoidal disease: advantages and disadvantages

Hemorrhoidal disease is a common anorectal disorder in China, with a high incidence rate. Its clinical manifestations include rectal bleeding, prolapse, and anal discomfort. Surgical intervention is required for grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ hemorrhoids or cases refractory to conservative treatment. This article systematically reviews the epidemiological features, classification diagnostic criteria, and mainstream surgical techniques for hemorrhoidal disease. Based on domestic and international guidelines and evidence, we compare the indications, advantages, limitations, and complications of conventional hemorrhoidectomy, stapled hemorrhoidopexy, transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization, and endoscopic hemorrhoid ligation. Emerging surgical approaches are also analyzed. Our analysis aims to provide clinicians with more scientific surgical options. In the future, the treatment of hemorrhoids should balance radicality with minimally invasive principles, emphasize personalized precision therapy, establish standardized international evaluation systems, and reduce postoperative recurrence and complications through multicenter collaboration and technological innovation, ultimately improving overall clinical outcomes.