A Systems Approach to Biomedical Waste Management Compliance: A Systematic Review

Bio-Medical waste management, or BMWM, is necessary for an overall halt in infection prevention, provision of environmental safety, and adherence to both national and international healthcare regulations alike. Nevertheless, such non-compliance, both as a world phenomenon and at a national level, is still of much concern. Such systematic review of BMWM covers four thematic thrusts: Policy & Regulations; Technological Innovations; Challenges & Barriers; and Interventions & Best Practices. Focus has been given to category-wise compliance of staff, effectiveness of the training programs, and statistical analysis of impact measurement. The review shows that training improves compliance by 30-35% (Sachan et al., 2024), regulatory policies have increased compliance: from 40% in 2008 to 85% in 2024 (Kashyap & Ramaprasad, 2023), and the highest compliance rate is exhibited by nurses (93%) compared to 59% among housekeeping staff (Singh et al., 2022). Statistical models such as paired t-tests and regression analysis confirm the significance of the training interventions (p < 0.001). To increase further compliance, the study proposes mandatory refresher training, BMW Monitored AI -based tracking on BMW, and stricter enforcement of policy recommendation.