Design and Implementation of a Doppler Ultrasound Transducer Utilizing an Empirical Physical‐Based Model for Carotid Artery Stenosis

ABSTRACT This study proposes an ultrasound Doppler transceiver designed for noninvasive, real‐time evaluation of carotid artery stenosis (CAS). Utilizing a diode‐based regulation circuit with precise control of nonoverlap timing exceeding 10 ns, the transceiver operates efficiently with a single 27 V supply, delivering an output swing of ±18 V to drive the transducer effectively. To evaluate CAS, we propose an empirical physics‐based model for assessing hemodynamic parameters, peak systolic velocity (PSV) and wall shear stress (WSS), using the developed ultrasonic transducer. The model is calibrated with a Doppler string phantom platform (CIRS 43A). The results demonstrate PSV values of 0.84 m/s under healthy carotid artery conditions (compared to a phantom‐defined target of 0.81 m/s) and 2.00 m/s under severe stenosis conditions (compared to 1.83 m/s), with deviations within ±15%. The configuration was also verified using finite element analysis simulations in COMSOL Multiphysics. The simulation results exhibit agreement with clinical data. A correlation coefficient of 0.922 was obtained for PSV, and WSS values remained within the clinical error range across stenotic and post‐stenotic regions. These findings highlight that the proposed transceiver, combined with the empirical physics‐based model for PSV and WSS, provides an accurate method for the early assessment of CAS.