Student-to-Teacher confirmation: the development and validation of a student-to-teacher confirmation scale

Student-to-teacher confirmation represents one of only a few instructor-centric variables in the canon of research on communication and instruction. Despite having previously been explicated no instrument exists to measure student-to-teacher confirmation. Thus, two studies were conducted in line with best practices of scale development. Study 1 established a stable factor structure from an initial item pool of 87 statements. Study 2 validated that factor structure in a separate sample and provided evidence of criterion and construct validity. The student-to-teacher confirmation scale consists of three factors: <i>recognition of pedagogy</i>, <i>acknowledgement of care</i>, and <i>individual attention.</i> Each of these dimensions demonstrated positive associations with teacher job satisfaction, teacher self-efficacy, and instructor–student rapport.