The impact of freedom of movement in the European Union on the spread of human trafficking: Legal challenges and opportunities for improving countermeasures

This study aimed to investigate the impact of the European Unionʼs freedom of movement on the prevalence of human trafficking and to identify the associated legal problems. The research technique integrated comparative legal analysis, content analysis of European Union legislation and case law, and the evaluation of statistical data and case studies related to the operation of the freedom of movement. The research examined the legal frameworks in France, the United Kingdom, Italy, and the Baltic States, facilitating the identification of both commonalities and divergences in national methodologies for adapting European rules. The studyʼs primary findings indicated inadequate interstate coordination, deficiencies in regulating individual travel, and the reliance of anti-trafficking efficacy on the institutional ability of each state. It was noted that criminal organisations often utilise freedom of movement to lawfully transport victims inside the European Union, particularly via labour migration pathways or by misusing residency privileges. National responses differ: France advocates for an interagency model; the United Kingdom employs a criminal law-based approach incorporating non-state players; Italy prioritises humanitarian assistance for victims; and the Baltic States implement a constrained, minimalist model dependent on external resources. The researchʼs practical value is evident in its recommendations for enhancing European Union legislation and state frameworks, particularly through the harmonisation of legal methods, the establishment of a unified database, and the fortification of legal protections for victims