Forensic Nursing and Health Care Investigations: A Comprehensive Review

Forensic nursing is an interdisciplinary specialty that merges the clinical expertise of nursing with the legal demands of the justice system. Since its formal recognition in the 1990s, the field has evolved into a critical component of healthcare investigations and legal processes. Forensic nurses play a pivotal role in documenting trauma, collecting and preserving evidence, and supporting victims of violence—often serving as key witnesses in legal proceedings. This review explores the historical evolution, core domains, and expanding functions of forensic nursing, including sexual assault response, domestic violence assessment, forensic psychiatric care, and postmortem investigations. The integration of advanced technologies such as digital documentation tools, teleforensic services, and alternative light sources has enhanced the accuracy and reach of forensic nursing, especially in underserved regions. In India, forensic nursing remains in a nascent stage, with limited institutional support and formal training pathways. This article advocates for expanded curriculum development, national policy support, interdisciplinary collaboration, and research initiatives to strengthen forensic nursing practice. Advancing this field is essential not only for improving healthcare outcomes but also for ensuring justice and dignity for victims of violence.