Performance of Low-Clinker, High-Limestone Multiphase Blended Cement

This study evaluates mechanical properties and porosity of binders combining Portland Limestone Cement (PLC) with SCMs like GGBFS, Class C (FAC), and Class F (FAF) fly ashes. GGBFS-based binders showed the highest compressive strength of 33.35MPa and lowest porosity (of 41.9%) due to their high reactivity, while FAF-based binders had lower strength and higher porosity (of 14.5 MPa and 47.3%), due to slower pozzolanic reactions. SCM combinations balanced reactivity and densification, offering a pathway for sustainable, high-performance binder development.