Controlled protein synthesis and spatial organisation in microfluidic environments

Performing cell-free expression (CFE) in tailored microfluidic environments is a powerful tool to investigate the organisation of biosystems from molecular to multicellular scales. While cell-free transcription-translation systems simplify and open up cellular biochemistry for manipulation, microfluidics enables miniaturisation and precise control over geometries and reaction conditions. In this review, we highlight the benefits of combining microfluidics with CFE reactions for the study and engineering of molecular functions and the construction of life-like systems from non-living components. By defining spatial organisation at different scales and sustaining non-equilibrium conditions, microfluidic environments play a key role in the quest to boot up the biochemistry of life.