Mapping the digital divide: Using GIS and satellite data to prioritize broadband expansion projects

The persistent digital divide across rural and underserved communities in the United States continues to limit access to essential services, educational equity, economic opportunities, and healthcare connectivity. This study presents a comprehensive, data-driven framework for identifying, prioritizing, and executing broadband expansion projects using an integrated approach grounded in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and satellite remote sensing technologies. By fusing geospatial data layers such as terrain ruggedness, population density, road infrastructure, and utility corridors, the study creates high-resolution broadband accessibility maps to classify unserved and underserved zones. The research also applies the Project Management Institute (PMI) framework to define strategic milestones, stakeholder roles, cost estimations, and timeline projections for phased deployment. Technological implementation draws from electrical and electronic engineering principles, including fiber-optic routing algorithms, 5G tower siting models, and satellite-borne internet systems for remote terrains. A critical emphasis is placed on sustainability, advocating for solar-powered relay stations and microgrid-supported base stations to ensure resilient, off-grid connectivity. Furthermore, the model assesses the socioeconomic multiplier effects of broadband access, especially in terms of workforce development in GIS analysis, network installation, and green energy infrastructure. The findings offer actionable insights for federal, state, and municipal agencies seeking to equitably expand broadband while meeting environmental and economic development goals.