Khruba: Meaning, Sects and Roles in Lanna Buddhism

This article examines the meaning, roles, and sectarian affiliations of the Khruba, a revered religious institution in Lanna Buddhism. The study highlights that a Khruba is not an ordinary monk but one endowed with high charisma, strict morality and spiritual authority, often perceived as a “Ton Bun” (Holy Man) who guides and protects the community. The article distinguishes between Khruba as village monks (Kāmavāsī) deeply engaged with local communities and forest monks (Araññavāsī) emphasizing asceticism and meditation, while noting overlapping practices. It further discusses the sectarian contexts of Yuan, Chiang Mai, Yong and Man Nikayas, each reflecting unique blends of Lanna culture and Buddhist practice. Ultimately, the Khruba represents a profound spiritual and cultural institution that revitalized Buddhism and preserved Lanna identity, serving as both a religious leader and a cultural symbol of enduring faith.