Prevalence and risk factors of livestock diseases in Quetta District, Balochistan: A participatory epidemiology study

A B S T R A C T Livestock diseases poses a major threat to animal productivity, farmer livelihoods, and public health in Pakistan. This study assessed the prevalence of livestock disease and identified associated risk factors in Quetta District, Balochistan, using participatory epidemiology methods. Data were collected from 50 livestock farms through structured questionnaire, field observations, and interviews, results revealed that foot and mouth disease (9.66%), theileriosis (8.33%), haemorrhagic septicaemia (6.4%), gastrointestinal parasites (6.88%), and avian influenza (6.64%) were the most common diseases. Disease prevalence was higher in female animals (51.1%) compared to males (48.8%). Seasonal variations were evident, with the highest burden reported in winter (32.95%). Major risk factors included lack of vaccination is (30%), poor housing (30%), limited veterinary access (14%), and overcrowding (12%). The findings highlight significant gaps in animal health management, with only 40% of farmers maintaining records and 14% participating in educational programs. Strengthening vaccination programs, veterinary infrastructure, farmer training, and adopting a One health approach are recommended to reduce disease burden and improve livestock productivity in the region.