MENTAL HEALTH: A REVIEW OF CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES AND CHALLENGES

Abstract Mental health has become a key element in the overall wellness of the body, with emotional, psychological, and social aspects all included as defined by the World Health Organisation (2022). International data shows a dramatic increase in mental disorders; depression is affecting more than 280 million people, while anxiety disorders are impacting around 264 million people worldwide (WHO, 2022a). The pandemic of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has further aggravated these trajectories and led to a 25 % increase in anxiety and depression prevalence worldwide (WHO, 2022b). This paper reviews new literature on mental disorders, critically evaluating both biological, psychological and socio-environmental risk factors, as well as the broader societal implications, including stigma and discrimination (as well as the fiscal impact) (Patel et al. 2018). It takes an explicit randomising approach to evaluating a variety of interventions, including psychotherapeutic, pharmacotherapeutic, community-mediated programmes and digital health platforms and their effectiveness, as well as the practical issues that hinder implementation (Naslund et al., 2017). Furthermore, important research gaps are identified in the review: the need for culturally sensitive interventions; the need for longitudinal studies; and the need for policy-linking across social sectors. By promoting a multidisciplinary approach, this review highlights the importance of a coordinated approach to promote mental health and reduce stigma associated with mental illness, while also ensuring access to treatment for all, worldwide.