PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL MARKERS IN HIGH-RISK NON-MUSCLE INVASIVE BLADDER CANCER

Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) accounts for nearly 75% of all bladder cancer cases. Despite appropriate transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) and adjuvant intravesical therapy, recurrence occurs in 50–70% of patients, and progression to muscle-invasive disease develops in 10–20%. Standard clinical prognostic factors (tumor stage, grade, multiplicity) do not fully explain the variability in outcomes. Therefore, identifying reliable molecular and morphological markers is crucial for improving patient risk stratification and developing individualized treatment strategies.