NANOPARTICLE-BASED THERAPEUTICS FOR ATOPIC DERMATITIS: ADVANCES IN LIPID, POLYMERIC, INORGANIC, AND PHYTOCHEMICAL NANOCARRIERS

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disorder that imposes significant disease burden. Conventional therapies provide symptomatic relief but are associated with poor long-term efficacy, adverse effects, and low patient compliance. Objective: This review evaluates recent advances in nanoparticle-based therapeutics for AD, focusing on lipid, polymeric, inorganic, and phytochemical nanocarriers. Methods: A literature survey was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2010– 2024) using keywords including nanoparticles, atopic dermatitis, lipid nanocarriers, and phytochemical nanocarriers. Emphasis was placed on therapeutic outcomes, mechanisms, and safety. Results: Lipid-based nanocarriers, such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid carriers, improve drug penetration, enhance hydration, and prolong drug retention. Polymeric nanoparticles (e.g., chitosan, PLGA) provide sustained release, skin targeting, and enhanced stability. Inorganic nanoparticles (ZnO, Au, mesoporous silica) demonstrate dual carrier and therapeutic functions but raise concerns of long-term safety. Phytochemical-loaded nanocarriers improve solubility, stability, and bioavailability of natural bioactives such as curcumin and quercetin. Innovative approaches, including functionalized textiles, hydrogels, and stimuli-responsive nanocarriers, show promise in overcoming limitations of conventional formulations. Conclusion: Nanoparticle-based systems represent a next-generation strategy for AD therapy by enhancing localized efficacy, minimizing systemic toxicity, and improving patient adherence. Future research should prioritize long-term safety, regulatory frameworks, and clinical translation.